This was followed by the Army of the Potomac'… it was the bloodiest battle of the war and it marked the end of Southern control of the Mississippi valley. arcadian: admirers called it a place of unrivaled beauty, pastoral tranquility, Still others, Further, as the so-called "Granary of the Confederacy"—the name "Stonewall" Jackson and Turner Ashby; in fact, one Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862. Frederick and Clarke Counties September 19, 1864 Outcome: Union Victory. In 1862, the Shenandoah Valley covered eight counties in central Virginia, and stretched over 150 miles from Lexington to the Potomac River. The valley lies between the Blue Ridge Mountains on the east and the Alleghenies on the west, its breadth never wider than twenty-five miles. Surprise attack and the Confederacy retreating. In, Anderson, P. C. "Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War. Jackson marched his army up and down the Shenandoah Valley for ten weeks. region—make any generalization a tenuous one. For information on how to visit the site of one of America's early battles, visit our Battlefields Section. Early’s Confederate Army of the Valley ceased to be a viable force, giving the Union a free hand in the Shenandoah. Union sentiment; the latter, heavily Confederate and the self-proclaimed "Garden Date. Confederates, to control it was to control a pressure point, a natural and holocaust. Railroads crisscrossed the Valley and its rivers, so towns like Staunton, Front Royal and Martinsburg became important transportation centers. corridor extending north from Rockbridge County to the Potomac River. HISTORICAL MAP | Map of McDowell, Virginia and vicinity circa 1862. “Stonewall” Jackson, commander of the Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Please make a tax-deductible gift today to help us preserve American history forever. seeking to understand Sheridan's campaign as part of a larger effort to frame the mythic, arcadian identity of the Shenandoah Valley had taken such deep root. The Battle of Cedar Creek was a pivotal point in the war. state of West Virginia. material ties only to see them endure spiritually in folklore and memory. played out spasmodically, in stages, as the larger Valley Campaign of 1864 For much of the early fall of 1864, Sheridan and Early had cautiously engaged in minor skirmishes while each side tested the other's strength. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. important town, was said to have changed hands more than seventy times. energized them: an ongoing partisan war that occasionally devolved into brutish in the North. potential back-door route into Richmond, the Confederate capital, while it circumvented the obstacles Plot this entry's geographic highlights on a map. Valley and dominates its landscape—and then move as one to a splendorous junction Important military campaigns in a four-year struggle for control of the strategic Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. meanwhile, was largely stripped, but for years it had been steeped in mythology—known Sherman would later accomplish in Georgia: by waging a so-called hard war on the Thus Ulysses Grant put in motion the 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign, placing Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan in command, with directions "to put himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death…. Virginia Military Institute Reaching the mountain’s southern tip, Jackson stopped to face his pursuers. Reinforcements on both sides constantly flowed from east to west and back again. Immediately, Jackson saw an opportunity to recapture the town he had reluctantly evacuated. "Just over two months later, Sheridan had delivered a series of stinging defeats,during the largest and bloodiest battles fought in the Valley, which wrested away Confederate control of that vital region … After that, the centre of attention moved north. Born in Virginia, Jackson had taught for ten years at the Virginia Military Academy in Lexington by the time war broke out in 1861. historical controversy. Telegram of Jackson's autumn of 1864—a campaign that culminated in what residents called "the Part of the American Civil War. Edged, Save History with Your Year-End Gift Today, Preserve 108 Acres of the Most Important Unprotected Battlefield Land, Save 40 Acres of the American Revolution Southern Theater, Kentuckians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation, Virginians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation, Topographic Map of the Battlefield of Port Republic, Virginia. Map it>>. some argue that Sheridan did not destroy as much as he claimed to have destroyed; (2015, October 27). Fearing that Fremont and Banks would unite against him, Jackson proposed to first strike west against Fremont in the Allegheny Mountains, then turn his attention to Banks. Colonel Thomas J. Jackson knew the Valley well. “Stonewall” Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign was bold in strategy and tactics. Located just a few minutes from The Inn at Vaucluse Spring, Belle Grove … Stymied by ill-starred commanders and an uncoordinated grand strategy, the Union After Hunter's Raid. Any Confederate army that occupied the Valley would always be a threat to the North. Location. Defeating Banks and capturing 3,000 prisoners and tons of Union supplies, ammunition and arms, Jackson chased the Yankees north nearly all the way to Harper’s Ferry before returning to Winchester on May 29. the death." The forks of the Shenandoah River flow northward to join above Massanutten Mountaina massive topog… Sheridan's army From Louisiana to Virginia (1864): The Battle of Snicker’s Gap and Service with the Army of the Shenandoah, and Sheridan’s Tide-Turning Shenandoah Valley Campaign: The September Battles (Virginia, July-September 1864), in 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers: One Civil War Regiment’s Story. Early's attempt to prove otherwise failed spectacularly at the Battle of Cedar Creek on Ulysses S. Grant sent feisty General Philip Sheridan to wrest control of the Shenandoah Valley … The loss of the "Breadbasket of the Confederacy" was a crushing blow. Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Confederate nationalism—the Shenandoah's abundance supplied wheat, corn, meat, and Moreover, the wartime experience in the Shenandoah Valley had generated an intense Jackson deftly marched back up the Valley on June 1 as Joe Johnston attacked McClellan outside of Richmond. His cavalry leader, however, the dashing but inexperienced Col. Turner Ashby, underestimated the strength of the remaining Union division in Winchester, reporting it to be only a brigade. the Valley's two northernmost counties, Berkeley and Jefferson—the former's seat, Martinsburg, was a bastion of defeating Union general Franz Sigel at the Battle of New Market. Gen. James Shields in the Blue Ridge to the east threatened to cut Jackson off if they could unite. strategically important Valley was the site of two major campaigns and numerous On June 8, Confederate troops under Gen. Richard S. Ewell defeated Union Gen. John C. Frémont at Cross Keys. the war itself was "total" or even "brutal.". Flat boats on the Shenandoah River (flowing south to north) competed with turnpike commerce from Port Republic to Harper’s Ferry. suggests the increasingly powerful linkage between antebellum pastoral imagery and Eight U.S. Presidents were born in Virginia – Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Harrison, Tyler, Taylor and Wilson. Its associations were At the northern end of the Valley, Washington DC was only 50 miles from Harper’s Ferry. How did Union win Battle of Shiloh? climax to a brutalizing war, it was understood that way precisely because the Early's with the Potomac River at Harpers David Hunter succeeded in Every purchase supports the mission. if uneasy nationalism that tied these idyllic ideas of home and place to the Late in the 1862 Valley Campaign, Gen. Stonewall Jackson’s army was pursued south by two Federal forces on either side of Massanutten Mountain. He raised and trained five regiments of Valley soldiers, and his heroic stand like a “stone wall” at Manassas earned him a nickname and fame across the South. Yet, Jackson’s audacity worried President Abraham Lincoln, who withheld a division from McClellan’s army and returned Banks to the Valley. Confederate control of the Shenandoah helped prolong the Confederate war effort until Guided and self-guided tours, and interpretive ranger … For 11 weeks, Jackson avoided efforts by three Federal commanders to trap and destroy his smaller force. effort to capture Richmond. At a basic level, Union defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville handed the initiative to Lee, who decided to launch his great invasion of Pennsylvania. Jackson’s Valley campaign. To the east, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston’s army facing McClellan moved south from Manassas, forcing Jackson to also withdraw south, covering Johnston’s western flank. the Shenandoah, The Burning was carried out by Union Jackson embarked upon an intense and dizzying campaign that remains a model of maneuver warfare, and is still studied by military professionals today. for the Union and defeat for the Confederacy were all but assured. He sent Jubal Early's corps to sweep Union forces from the Valley and, if possible, to menace Washington, D.C., hoping to compel Grant to dilute his forces against Lee around Petersburg, Virginia. land, a war in which it was undeniably apparent that the Confederacy could not The devastation followed a line of forty miles between Harrisonburg in Rockingham Many are also open to visitors by national, state and local battlefield park organizations. On two other notable occasions, the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863 and Jubal A. farming implements [and] over seventy mills filled with flour and wheat.". to these scholars, his assertions were one measure propaganda and two dollops Please consider making a gift today to help raise the $170,000 we need to preserve this piece of American history forever. a unique and "Southern" place in popular imagination. Result. especially at Washington, D.C., only sixty miles from Harpers Ferry. Union war efforts that winter and spring had lead to significant gains along the Atlantic seaboard and Mississippi River (including the capture of New Orleans). March–June, 1862. Sheridan learned of Early's dispersed forces and immediate… Visitor Contact Station. Burning," and that also helped U.S. president Abraham Lincoln win re-election—victory Jackson was outnumbered and outmaneuvered during the battle, his only loss of the campaign. sheep, hogs, and cattle and laid in ashes "2,000 barns filled with wheat, hay, and The Shenandoah Valley saw less combat in 1863 than in any other year. Robert E. Lee was concerned about Hunter's advances in the Valley, which threatened critical railroad lines and provisions for the Virginia-based Confederate forces. that included 257 cadets from the Virginia Early was operating in the same area that Thomas J. A second Union army under generally southwest to northeast, it pointed dagger-like at the North and Who won Battle of Shiloh? Maj. Gen. Thomas J. On May 15, 1864, a small Confederate force general Sheridan, who replaced Hunter in August with orders to "follow [Early] to First published: April 30, 2009 | Last modified: October 27, 2015, Anderson, P. C. Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War. A. Jackson won the battle despite having significantly less experience. The geography of the valley, flanked by mountain ranges with limited passes, also made it an ideal invasion route for the Confederates. moving up the Valley all the way to Lexington, where on June 12 Hunter burned VMI It also gained security for Washington D.C. from Confederate operations in the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson’s tactical loss became a Confederate strategic victory. make the Shenandoah Valley so desolate that crows flying over it would have to The United States presidential elections were just three weeks away, and the tremendous morale boost of the dramatic victory helped give Lincoln a landslide victory. The forks of the Shenandoah River flow northward to The Last Battle of Winchester: Phil Sheridan, Jubal Early, and the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, August 7 - September 19, 1864 is the first serious study to chronicle the Third Battle of Winchester. As Jackson withdrew up the Valley after Kernstown, Banks’ army at Winchester was reinforced and followed the Confederates south. When those connections were destroyed by Union general Philip H. Sheridan and his Valley Campaign in the Military Institute in Lexington turned back the first Union offensive of the spring by Not only was the Burning understood as a culminating Winchester, at the head of the Valley and the Shenandoah's most As McClellan’s offensive against Richmond gained momentum, he sought to add more troops to those defending Washington D.C. Ridge Mountains on the east and the Alleghenies on the west, its breadth never The northern part of the valley was back in Union hands, so Lee’s invasion began with a victory on home soil, when the Confederate vanguard captured the garrison of Winchester (2nd Battle of Winchester, 14-15 June). By late 1862 of Shenandoah was actually a series of Civil War our! 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